Role of Different organs of UNO

UNO : Objectives and principle, compositions

After the First world War many believed that involvement of an International organisation to deal with conflict would help the world to avoid war. As a result, the League of Nations was born. However, despite its initial success, it could not prevent the Second World War (1939-45).  The United Nations was formed following the devastating aftermath of World War II, with the aim of preventing future global-scale conflicts as a successor of ineffective league of nations. 

The UN charter was adopted on 25 June 1945 and came into effect on 24 October 1945. 

UN had 51 member states; this number grew to 193 in 2011, representing the vast majority of the world’s sovereign states.

Objectives of the United Nations are as follows:

1.   To maintain International Peace and Security.

2.   To develop friendly relations among nations based on the respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of people.

3.   To achieve International Co-operation in solving various International, Economic, Social, Cultural or Humanitarian problems.

4.   To be centre for harmonising the actions of nations in the attainment of goals.

 

Principles of the United Nations are as follows:

1.   To respect the sovereign equality of all its members.

2.   All members should fulfill, in good faith, the obligations assumed by them.

3.   They should settle their International disputes by peaceful means.

4.   They would refrain from threat or use of force against any state.

5.   They should give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes.

6.   The Organisation should ensure that States, which are not members of the United Nations, act in accordance with these principles.

 

Official Languages and Membership

Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish are the official languages of the UNO. However, any documents are written only in the working languages – English and French.

50 members who took part in the San Francisco Conference, signed and approved the Charter and became the original members of the United Nations.

Principle organs of United Nation are 

1. The General Assembly,
2. The Security Council,
3. The Economic and Social Council,
4. The Secretariat.
5. The International Court of Justice,
6. The Trusteeship Council (Currently Inactive)

A sixth principal organ, the Trusteeship Council, suspended operations on 1 November 1994, upon the independence of Palau, the last remaining UN trustee territory.

The International Court of Justice

located in the Netherlands and contains 15 judges on 9 year terms and is called the "World Courts"

Name of the Organ	Primary Function	Primary Tasks of the Organ
UN General Assembly	Deliberative assembly of all the UN member states	May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states or suggestions to the Security Council (UNSC); Decides on the admission of new members, following a proposal by the UNSC; Adopts the budget; Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC; all members of ECOSOC; the UN Secretary-General (following his/her proposal by the UNSC); and the fifteen judges of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Each country has one vote.
UN Secretariat	Administrative organ of the UN	Supports the other UN bodies administratively (for example, in the organization of conferences, the writing of reports and studies and the preparation of the budget); Its chairperson – the UN Secretary-General – is elected by the General Assembly for a five-year mandate and is the UN’s foremost representative.
International Court of Justice HQ at Netherlands contains 15 judges on 9 year terms and is called the "World Courts"	Universal court of international Law	Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction; Issues legal opinions; Renders judgment by relative majority. Its fifteen judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine-year terms.
UN Security Council	Arbiterates international security issues	Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security; May adopt compulsory resolutions; Has fifteen members: five permanent members with veto power and ten elected members.
UN Economic and Social Council	For global economic and social affairs	Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security; May adopt compulsory resolutions; Has fifteen members: five permanent members with veto power and ten elected members.
UN Trusteeship Council	For administering trust territory (now disbanded)	Responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security; May adopt compulsory resolutions; Has fifteen members: five permanent members with veto power and ten elected members.

The role of the Economic and Social Council is to –

i.   close the gap of difference between the rich and the poor countries

ii. Provides direct funds to the countries to help out the poor ones

iii. Improve health conditions and education

iv. Control population of various countries.

 

Foundation of UNO

1941August: Signing of the Atlantic Charter by the US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston S. Churchill

1942 January: 26 Allied nations fighting against the Axis Powers meet in Washington, D.C., to support the Atlantic Charter and sign the ‘Declaration by United Nations’

1943 December: Tehran Conference Declaration of the Three Powers (US, Britain and Soviet Union) 1945 February: Yalta Conference of the ‘Big Three’ (Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin) decides to organise a United Nations conference on the proposed world organisation April-May: The 2-month long United Nations Conference on International Organisation at San Francisco

1945 June 26: Signing of the UN Charter by 50 nations (Poland signed on October 15; so the UN has 51 original founding members)

1945 October 24: the UN was founded (hence October 24 is celebrated as UN Day)

 1945 October 30: India joins the UN

 Axis Power

The alliance of Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Japan, established in 1936 and lasting until their defeat in World War II was known as Axis power.

The term was coined by Italian leader Benito Mussolini who declared that all other European countries would thereafter rotate on the Rome–Berlin axis .

Allied Power

Allied powers are nations that have joined in an alliance. More specifically, the term may refer to: ... Allies of World War II, member nations of the World War II.

The main Allied powers were Great Britain, The United States, China, and the Soviet Union. The leaders of the Allies were Franklin Roosevelt (the United States), Winston Churchill (Great Britain), and Joseph Stalin (the Soviet Union).

Credit :

1 1. https://qforquestions.com/icse-class-10-notes-united-nations-organisation-major-agencies/

2.   2. https://ncert.nic.in/ncerts/l/leps106.pdf

3. www.un.org

4. https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/united-nations-organization/